잎에서 이미 지적한 바 오바마 대통령은 정식으로 공개선언을 한다.
2013년 4월 2일
The RAIN(Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) initiative가 그것이다.
물론 반론도 만만치 않다. 방대한 것은 물론 그만큼 다음 세대로 이어질 프로젝트에
지나친 시간과 투자가 소요된다는 것, 벅차고 자칫 정치논리에 앞선다는 것.
그러나 진행형이다. 예상되는 결과가 너무나 매력적이기 때문이다.
아래 사진을 보자.
신경세포 집단에 V자의 전극이 심어져있다.
30년 전 신셍세포 하나하나, 그리고 서로 연결된 회로하나의 의미를 알아내게 될 것이란 필자의 예상,
거기까지는 너무 멀기만 하다. 새로운 아디어가 탄생한 것이다.
이미 밝혀진 특정부위의 신경집단에 삽임된 전극을 통해 그 활동내용을 알아낸다는 것, 그것은 흥분되는 일이다.
기억에 관여되는 해마의 CA 1 영역의 신경세포 집단에
전극을 수백만 신경세포 하나하나에 부탁하지 않고신경세포집단의 역할을 알아내게 된다는 것이라면
대단한 의미를 제공한다. BRAIN project의 매력이다. 치료와 직결되는 열쇄를 얻는 셈이다.
A row of neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, a part of the brain involved in memory. If you look closely, there is a V-shaped glass piece on top of one of the middle neurons. This is a patch electrode, one of the techniques currently used to record specific neurons in the brain. The challenge of the BRAIN project is to develop a technique that has similar resolution and precision but that could be applied to millions of neurons instead of just one.Photo from Rosentod released in the public domain.
출처: http://blog.brainfacts.org/2013/04/the-science-behind-obamas-brain-project/#.UyzjQmfNuUk
1. The molecular ticker tape.
첫번째 BRAIN project의 도전은 분자 기억 테이프molecular ticker tape다.
이것은 분자를 이용해서 DNA(생물의 유전현상에 큰 역할을 하는 핵산의 일종) polymerase (DNAP),
또는 보통 현미경으론 볼 수 없는 생물학적 신경세포의 활동을
프린트애서 볼 수 있는 것과 같은 결과를 얻는다. 누구도 완성된 결과물을 가지고 있는 것은 아니다.
그러나 아래 사진은 그 가능성을 말해주고 있다.
Illustration of the DNA polymerase, one of the molecules that might be used to create molecules of DNA that would be used as a molecular “ticker tape” (a recording) of neural activity.Photo from Yikrazuul released under the Creative Commons license
출처: http://blog.brainfacts.org/2013/04/the-science-behind-obamas-brain-project/#.UyzjQmfNuUk
Challenges 도전
1. Create the custom version of the DNA polymerase and show that it works.
2. Study alternatives to the calcium-induced errors.
3. Solve the problem of which cell is being recorded.
Pro 찬성
- This would be the best technique that we can think of to record all neurons in a brain.
Con 반대
- It is not developed yet.
2. Optical imaging.
Calcium imaging을 통해 시각적으로 신경세포의 기능과 관여된 영역 및 양적 수를 볼 수 있다.
동시에 수많은 신경세포의 흥분도가 크면 클 수록 아래 사진과 같이 브라이트한 색조로 확인 된다.
Calcium을 신경세포에 넣음으로서 가능한 것이다.
신경세포의 흥분도를 알게 된다는 것은 어떤 결과가 어떤 영역과 관계된다는 사실을 말하므로
뇌의 활동을 샅샅이엿 볼 수 있다는 의미다.
Neurons of a mouse viewed using calcium imaging. Note that the mouse was anesthetised for the moment the photo was taken to avoid movement.Photo from Mittmann et al. 2011 reproduced with special permission from Nature Neuroscience. The license that applies to this blog does not apply to this photo.
출처: http://blog.brainfacts.org/2013/04/the-science-behind-obamas-brain-project/#.UyzjQmfNuUk
Challenge 도선
1. 공간적 그리고 수적 신경세포들의 관여 내용이 결국 BRAIN project의 목표로 설정된 셈이자 도전이다.
Pro 찬성
- Realistic method that has been proven to work already.
Con 반대
- Difficult to apply in the deep parts of the brain and is generally more useful on neurons maintained in artificial conditions, rarely in behaving animals or humans.
3. Silicon-based nanoprobes.
한마디로 BCI(Brain-Computer Interface, 뇌와 컴퓨터 사이의 인터페이스)를 연상하면 될 것이다.
앞에서 소개한 브라질 월드컵경기 거기서 시축될 장면을 연상하면 BCI의 의미가 어떤 단계에 와있으며
그 결과는 어떻게 될 것인지 능히 예측이 가능하리라 본다.
아래 그림과 사진은 바로 그 장면과 이치를 설명하고 있다.
Diagram of the BCI developed by Miguel Nicolelis and colleagues for use on Rhesus monkeys
출처: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brain-computer_interface_(schematic).jpg
Monkey operating a robotic arm with brain–computer interfacing (Schwartz lab, University of Pittsburgh)
출처: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monkey_using_a_robotic_arm.jpg
Challenge 도전
1. Make them smaller with more recording sites.
Pro 찬성
- Realistic method that has been proven to work already.
Con 반대
- The technique is invasive and requires adding a piece of electronic in the brain.
Other aspects.
최근 발표되는 BRAIN project에 대한 책자들은 한결같이 신경세포의 영향력을 인식 기록하는 것이 저부가 아니라 오히려 neural activity에 변화를 유도할 수 있는 수단을 강구함이 중요하다고 본다.
그것은 바로 인간의 해당된 다양한 행동양식을 바꿀 수 있다는 기대 때문이다.
곧 치료에 응용될 수 있음을 의미하는 것이다. 도전이자 숙제다. 더구나 침습적 방법엔 한계가 있음을 지적한다.
BRAIN Project가 왜 중요하며 구체적으로 많은 펀드가 조성되어있다는 것은
그만큼 기대하는 바가 크다는 것을 의미한다.
위에 설명된 내용으로 볼 때
대한민국 역시 신경과학적 연구에 적극적일 수 밖에 없음은 주지의 사실이다.
성격상 막대한 재정이 요구되는 연구이기에
우주를 알아내는 것 보다 더 복잡하고 어렵다는 뇌 과학,
그래서
국가, 대기업, 유수한 대학 연구기관이 참여한다는 것은 기본일 것이다.
IT강국으로서 소홀함이 없을 것이라는 점 익히 알고 있다.
그러나 고려할 부분이 있다.
대형 조직에서만 연구결과가 성과를 걷을 수 있다는 보장은 없다.
마치 대기업과 중소기업의 혐업으로 경쟁력을 갖는 것처럼
뇌 과학, 또는 뇌 의학에 대한 연구 역시 거대 조직만의 전유물일 수는 없다.
작은 병원에서 그것도 감히 연구소를 표방한다는 것을 냉소적으로 보기보단 거기서 창출되는 연구결과에 대해
깊은 배려와 협연이 필요하다는 점, 잊지 말아야 할 것이라 본다.
병원 내 뇌 의학 연구소는 꾸준히 진행될 것이다.
그럴만한 이유가 설명한 대로 그래서 존재하기 때문이다. 어렵고 고달프지만....
주: 제목에서 '마음의 치료' 곧 '정신치료'가 당장 무용지물이라는 의미가 아니다.
거기엔 한계가 있게 될 시재적 전환은 불가피하다는 것이며
그렇더라도
"정신치료" 자체 보다는 그 이념을 바탕에 둔 정신과의사의 자세는 여전히 타과 의사가 할 수 없는 특수분야라는
사실을 분명히 해 둠과 동시에 오래가 없기를 바란다.
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